Jominy End Essay

To determine the hardenability of plain carbon steel. Theory Hardenability is the ability of a steel to be hardened and form martensite during quenching. Hardenability indicates the depth of hardness which is obtained from quenching process, and it is very important to the components of machine especially tool steel. One of the methods to determine the hardenability of steels is Jominy End-Quench Test. Hardening usually involves quenching where the steel is heated to austenite phase and fast cooling in the quench medium such as water, oil, salt solution, or air to produce microstructure of martensite. The martensite gives hard and brittle properties of steel. Usually, for heavy steel components, the hardness decreases at the core of component because the microstructure formed is ferrite and pearlite. While at the surface of the component have higher hardness. The difference of the hardness between the core and surface can be explained by Continuous Cooling Transformation or CCT diagram of the steel. If the cooling rate of steel does not cross the transformation curve of the diagram, then the hardness on the whole steel can be obtained. CCT diagrams allow prediction of the final microstructure of the steel taking into account the continuous nature of the process during cooling of austenite. Other than that, CCT diagrams take into consideration continuous cooling during quenching; the cooling curve assumes a constant cooling rate. As we can see from the diagram, martensite form at the temperature below than 200? C, it mean that the specimen with faster cooling rate will able to form more martensite and higher hardness. Continuous Cooling Transformation diagram | | The above diagram show the time-temperature isothermal transformation diagram for the plain carbon steel Apparatus Specimen of plain carbon steel, furnace, Jominy End-Quench Unit, and Vickers Harness Tester. Experimental Procedure (a) Heat the specimen to temperature of 850Â °C and soak at that temperature for 20 minutes. After that, its remain almost constant while the distance increase. In our experiment, there are some test errors where we are having small rise in our reading of the hardenability value which suppose decrease continuously. This is due to the uneven surface of the tested specimen or cause by the unbalanced cooling rate throughout the specimen. (b) Gives your opinion on the correlation between cooling rate of specimen and the graph obtained. The cooling rate at the end of the plain carbon steel are much higher compare to the. Thus, in the graph it shows the highest hardness at the early stage and then slowly decreases when approaching to the core of the steel. We also can say that, at the end of the steel has the highest hardness which cause by the high content of martensite. However, the content of the martensite and hardness will drop when approaching to the centre of the steel. We can conclude that the cooling rate decreases from the end-quench to the centre of the steel, resulting in decreasing of the hardness.

Pathophysiology Of Coronary Artery Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Heart onslaught has become a common family term in the United States, due to the fact that about 16 million American have been diagnosed with coronary arteria disease. Harmonizing to American Heart Association, an American dies every minute due to coronary arteria disease. Coronary arteria disease besides known coronary bosom disease or ischaemic bosom disease encompasses other pathologies, such as angina and myocardial infarction ( bosom onslaught ) . Coronary arteria disease occurs when there is a narrowing of the coronary arterias, due to the development of plaques taking to cut down sums of oxygenated blood to the bosom. [ 2 ]Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart: –The bosom is an indispensable organ that is responsible for pumping blood all throughout the organic structure and providing it with O and foods. It is the cardinal hub for the cardiovascular system and acts as the conveyance system of the organic structure, which performs via electrical conductivity activity. The anatomy of the bosom is composed of many constructions, such as the four Chamberss: the right and left atria and ventricles, legion blood vass such as the aorta, the pneumonic arteria and vena, and the coronary arterias, four valves, three beds of tissue, etc. The aorta is the chief arteria that pumps the blood out of the bosom to the remainder of the organic structure ; the pneumonic arteria and vena conveyance oxygenated and deoxygenated blood receptively, and the coronary arterias make a Crown on the bosom musculus and provide the myocardium with oxygenated blood and foods. The valves in the bosom are responsible for forestalling backflow of blood and let the blood to go around in an unvarying manner. The electrical conductivity system of the bosom accounts for the whipping of the bosom leting it contract and act as the pump of the organic structure. [ 2, 3 ]Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease: –When the coronary arterias become occluded due to plaque construct up a status called coronary artery disease occurs. Atherosclerosis means tapered and hardening of the arterias taking to damage to the blood vass and is a major subscriber to many bosom diseases and upsets [ 4 ] . These atherosclerotic plaques are formed are from lipid and fat sedimentations, chiefly being cholesterin, which is a ground why diet is besides major hazard factor in developing coronary arteria disease. Arteries are composed of three beds: adventita, intima, and media ; the plaque tends to develop between the intima and media beds [ 5 ] . These atherosclerotic plaques narrow the lms of the arterias doing reduced sums of blood to make the bosom and overtime indurate them doing decrease flexibleness during vasoconstriction and vasodilatation [ 4 ] . Additionally, the atherosclerotic plaques can free doing thrombosis and ischaemic events [ 5 ] . When the coronary arterias ‘ map is compromised, the bosom does non have equal supply of oxygenated blood and foods doing lesse ning cardiac map. At times of emphasis, the organic structure will seek to antagonize these alterations to accomplish homeostasis, by working harder than normal ; nevertheless, drawn-out effort initiates a cascade to many disease procedures and pathologies, such as myocardiopathy, bosom failure, arrhythmias, cardiac apprehension, and classically myocardial infarction ( bosom onslaught ) [ 4 ] . Most patients of coronary arteria disease experience angina and/or myocardial infarction, or perchance decease.Hazard Factors of Coronary Artery Disease: –Coronary arteria disease tends to be the most common cause of decease and disablement in the United States. The chief hazard factors of coronary arteria disease are as follows: positive household history, physical inaction, hapless diet, smoking and/or intoxicant consumption, along with other diseases pathologies like high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterin, and fleshiness. A individual that has positive household history of bosom disease of a first grade relation is at greater hazard of developing coronary arteria disease [ 2 ] . Physical inaction, hapless diet, and fleshiness go manus in manus for developing coronary bosom disease. Obesity has become an epidemic that affects one in four Americans and consequences in many dangerous effects. Heart disease has become the cause of decease in industrialised states compare to developing states, due to sedentary life style and increased fast-food ingestion. The American Heart Association encourages patients to exert on a regular basis and eat healthy and this besides accounts for better forecast of coronary arteria disease even if person has other hazard factors [ 2 ] . Research indicates that a diet that ‘s rich in omega 3-fatty acids, such as fish helps protect against vascular disease [ 2 ] . One of the most preventable hazard factors for any disease is smoking, and for cardiovascular disease it is the figure one preventable cause [ 2 ] . The World Health Organization states that 1 twelvemonth after surcease of smoke, the hazard of coronary arteria disease lessening by about half [ 2 ] . Additionally, increased age and sex are other lending factors to coronary arteria disease. Statistically, males are more likely to develop coronary bosom disease at an early age, nevertheless the hazard peers for both work forces and adult females after post-maturity. Other diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and/or hypercholesteremia combined with coronary arteria disease consequences dangerous effects, which it is why it ‘s recommended to maintain a close oculus on cholesterin, blood force per unit area and glucose degrees and checked on regular footing [ 2, 4 ] .Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease: –Most patients of coronary arteria disease are symptomless, whereas other patients can show with a assortment of symptoms such as: shortness of breath, stringency around the thorax, thorax hurting, Levine ‘s mark, o r perchance decease [ 2 ] . Patients that exhibit symptoms tend have beforehand phases of harm to their coronary arterias [ 4 ] . Angina is the authoritative bosom hurting most patients complain about that is caused by ischaemia. Ischemia is the deficiency of O supply to a part of the bosom [ 4 ] . Patients can see angina at anytime, nevertheless classically it ‘s exhibited after a individual has been involved in an immaterial activity, such as exercising. Angina can be categorized as stable, unstable, or Prinzmetal ‘s ( discrepancy ) angina [ 2 ] . The Levine ‘s mark is the authoritative presentation of a bosom onslaught that most histrions in Hollywood portray, when they are holding a bosom onslaught, which is a clinching fist over their chest [ 1 ] .Complications of Coronary Artery Disease/ What is a bosom onslaught?Myocardial infarction occurs when the bosom is deprived of oxygenated blood because of rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque, ensuing in a province of ischaemia. Supply meets demand theory comes into drama, because the bosom is demanding oxygenated blood and foods, but the coronary arterias are unable to supply due to atherosclerosis construct up. The country of the bosom that the harm occurs to the bosom depends on the vass that are occluded, exhibiting a assortment of symptoms and/or complications [ 4 ] . For illustration, if the myocardial infarction occurs at the right atrium and upset the electrical conductivity activity of the SA node, it may do the patient to perchance endure from arrhythmias. Therefore, basically if a patient experiences a myocardial infarction at a peculiar part of the bosom that country will endure an ischaemic event and kills the bosom tissue hence doing it non-functional. Overall, a myocardial infarction has hapless forecast and tends to take to morbidity and mortality [ 2 ] .Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease: –Coronary arteria disease is a status that develops overtime ; therefore there a re n't any existent trials that can bespeak if a individual is enduring from coronary arteria disease [ 6 ] . Healthcare suppliers use patient ‘s history, physical test consequences, and assess hazard factors for developing coronary arteria disease [ 2, 6 ] . Electrocardiogram, emphasis testing, echocardiography, and research lab proving turn out to be the trial of pick by health care suppliers when analyzing patients that are at hazard of developing coronary arteria disease. Electrocardiograms besides know as an EKG or ECG detects the bosom ‘s electrical activity, beat, bosom rate, axis, and any unnatural expansions of the bosom [ 6 ] . An EKG is a speedy and painless trial and can state healthcare suppliers if the patient had or is holding a myocardial infarction [ 2, 6 ] . Stress testing can be induced by exercising or medicine for measuring ischaemia in a patient [ 2 ] . An echocardiography ( echo ) utilizes sound moving ridges to supervise the bosom ‘s activit y, including the size, form, and blood flow. Laboratory proving, such as blood trials are conducted on a regular footing to measure the degrees of cholesterin, sugar, and proteins such as inflammatory markers [ 2 ] . Other tools, such as chest X raies, angiography, antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) , and cardiac cautery can be utilized for patients with greater hazard factors and/or beforehand phases of coronary arteria disease [ 2 ] .Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease: –Coronary arteria disease is a complex disease since it encompasses other pathologies ; nevertheless intervention options for coronary arteria disease tends to be simple at its early phases, such as lifestyle alterations. Patients are encouraged to partake in curative life style alterations ( TLC ) , such as day-to-day exercising, eating healthy well-balanced repasts, and emphasis and weight direction. A comprehensive TLC program besides helps command other diseases, such diabetes, high blood pressure a nd fleshiness [ 6 ] . The American Heart Association recommends patients with hazard factors to use the DASH diet, which encourages ingestion of fruit and veggies on a day-to-day footing, eating fish twice a hebdomad, restricting salt and intoxicant ingestion [ 5 ] . TLC helps cut down the hazard of bosom disease by take downing cholesterin and keeping a organic structure mass index ( BMI ) of less than 25, which is considered to be normal [ 6 ] . For advanced phases of coronary arteria disease medicine such as decoagulants, acetylsalicylic acid, beta-blockers, Ca channel blockers, and glyceryl trinitrates are prescribed to assist cut down symptoms, lower cholesterin and blood force per unit area, prevent blood coagulums [ 2, 6 ] . Aspirin is the taking medicine to assist alleviate angina and prevent myocardial infarction. Patients that have extended harm to their arterias or have experienced a myocardial infarction may necessitate medical processs, such as angioplasty or coronary a rteria beltway grafting ( CABG ) [ 6 ] . Angioplasty or transdermal coronary intercession ( PCI ) is a medical process done to open blocked or narrowed coronary arterias [ 6 ] . Normally, people refer this medical process as holding a â€Å" stent † put in, which helps prevent future obstruction from happening. CABG is an extended surgical process done where physicians use blood vass from other countries of the organic structure that are n't blocked to short-circuit narrowed and damaged coronary arterias, therefore bettering the blood flow to the bosom [ 2, 6 ] . Overall, patient instruction proves to be the best intervention option to assist forestall coronary arteria disease.Decision: –Levine sign- ^A Edmondstone WM ( 1995 ) .A † Cardiac chest hurting: does organic structure linguistic communication help the diagnosing? â€Å" .A BMJA 311A ( 7021 ) : 1660-1.A PMCA 2539106.A PMIDA 8541748. Chapter 10 pg 341 CMDT Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 18 pg 662 ; Marieb/Hoehn Clinical Pathophysiology made laughably simple ; Berkowitz AHA Website- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/Heart-Attack_UCM_001092_SubHomePage.jsp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/

Business ethics

Business ethics Essay Current Trends and Implications: Achieving Organizational Goals Using A Systems Approach ( Information Technology as a part of Your Competitive Strategy) Introduction to Seminar Welcome ladies and gentlemen, there are many of you here today from great distances and backgrounds of all sorts. I would like to start off first by thanking you for your time. New technologies everyday are radically changing existing industrys and creating new ones. This seminar focuses on these changes and understanding how they can help you achieve success or failure in the marketplace. Soon you will learn that your time here will give you great insight into current emerging and leading edge information and trends in using IS and IT as your competive strategy and advantage in growing your business. Beyond that your employees and other attendees will be addressed with the challenges and issuses of the many different aspects of how these systems can help you implement strategys to make your existing systems more efficient. There are pros and cons with these technologys and systems, as is expected and everything here is not for everyone. What you can expect is that you will find something there for you and your firm to further explore and possibly implement into operations. The seminar is set up for everyone, there is insight and much more to gain from the knowledge that we have amassed for you. Following will be how our seminar will run, summarizing and giving you a preview with how we implement the information to you and your clients. The Seminar will take place Friday and Saturday. It will be structured with breaks, your clients can choose which sections to attend, although we encourage the whole seminar, we know you and your clients may be issue specific. We highly recommend the seminar section on VoIP and RFID technology. Friday: 10:00 a.m. Meet and greet brunch, seminar attendees will be treated to a five star brunch to start the day off on a good foot. Here your clients can meet and mingle with business minds from all over the world. The experience and networking alone is wonderful. 11:00 Seminar will begin, attendees will receive seminar materials, phamplets and packets, to go along with the seminar. Also will be included is workbooks that provide material for the seminar and for practice and referecnce later. Go over schedule for the next two days. For the next three hours we will introduce the concept of the competitive advantage that is sought out by these IT and IS technologies. We will talk about VoIP, voice over Internet Protocol, how it can help streamline your business, make your intranets and networks more efficient and less costly. Show you how it can help with expansion and how it can be tailored to fit your specific needs. We will discuss the costs and implementation of different systems, showing you the competitive advantages. These are all accompanied with real world examples as you will soon see. Following that discussion well delve into the emerging world of RFID technology and the mandates that ensue them. With WalMart and the DoD have mandates for implementing use, RFID technology is emerging all over. There are two sides to the story, either way its coming and we are going to give you insight into this technology and tell you how it works, what it can do for you, and how. We will discuss the costs, trends, and opinions . Question #2 REFERENCE ARTICLES 1VoIP links global company: call center operations at seven locations are streamlined, while costs are lowered. (Voice Networks)(Alpha Thought) Communications News, Jan, 2004 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0CMN/1_41/112448830/p1/article.jhtml http://www. computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,95179,00.html 3Privacy in public http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m3190/33_37/108268107/p1/article.jhtml 4Businesses Worry About Long-Term Data Losses Will we access our saved data in 20 years? Sept, 1999 http://www. computerworld.com/printthis/1999/0,4814,37036,00.html 5The Coming Robot Revolution http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,94386,00.html 6 Riding Radio Waves eWEEK, May, 2004 by Larry Dignan http://www. findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_zdewk/is_200405/ai_ziff126287/print 7RFID Adventure http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,96012,00.html 8 The Coming Battle of the Titans http://www.computerworld. com/printthis/2004/0,4814,96318,00.html 9 Apparel Maker Gets Instant Feedback With Online Survey To http://computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,95814,00.html 10 Documentum Saves Big With Web Conference Software for Training http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,95820,00. html 11Personalize Your Job http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,95943,00.html 12Phishy e-mails and Web sites: Whats your responsibility? http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,95461,00. html Companies Fight Back Against Phishing Scams http://computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,96549,00.html 13Blades, Camera, Action! http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,96284,00.html 14Predictions For BIs Future http://www. computerworld.com/printthis/2004/0,4814,93940,00.html 15Never, ever agree to evergreen clauses http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2000/0,4814,41674,00.html Acts of God .

The Beginnings of Race, Culture, and Sexuality in Colonialism Essay

The Beginnings of Race, Culture, and Sexuality in Colonialism - Essay Example In terms of Foucaults argument, we can see that as a modern society, we still consider certain topics such as discussions about sex, a taboo topic and therefore, should not be discussed in public. Pretty much like it was for most couples during the Victorian era. We still live by the mindset that children should not be allowed to hear sexual discussions simply because the children are not having sex. But these days, the children are exposed early on to the topic of sexuality and gender. Yet we refuse to let them partcipate in the discussion because we have managed to carry over the Victorian mindset throughout the generations, culminating in the taboo discussion of our modern era. It is however nice to see that just like in the Victorian era, there are quite a number of 21st century experts who are opting to help open the minds of people pertaining to the matters or gender, race, and sexuality as it applies to the 21st century generation. The link between the Victorian era beliefs pertaining to the morality and virtue of the society still exists in our era. However, we are slowly coming out of this recessive argument in order to create a deeper understanding of sexuality in terms of the sexual act and its relation to gender role acceptance. With over three centuries of social transformation, I will have to say that we have move quite slowly and as such, have a society whose beliefs about race, culture, and sexuality during colonial times can still find itself going strong. We are still held back by the Victorian era beliefs that any discussion pertaining to sexuality, race, and gender must be addressed within the relationship of the couple rather than openly discussing it in order to achieve an acceptable end result. The Victorian era represented a time of going back to the privacy and elegance of previous eras. Prior to this era, our society was openly crude and under educated, characteristics which, at the time proved to be beneficial to creating a more mature society where no topic was taboo and cultural sensitivity began to find its footing. By bringing the sense of privacy into the discussion and requiring society to become more respectable by setting ground rules for certain discussions, we unwittingly set the standards by which our modern day society works. In fact, the experiences of Victorian era society could be considered to be a throwback to the time of Christopher Colombus when women were seen as the mother of the planet. A cosmic breath from whom the infant males yearn to feed on her warmth and love. This era fed the imagination of the people with open images of men and women cavorting in sexual pleasure pretty much similar to the era before the Victorian dawn. This was the era of t he porno - tropic traditions that lay the basis and foundation for the pornographic minds and stories that now exist. With women of the era being portrayed as more sexually active and needy than men, we can see that very little has changed in our modern times when considering the story basis for most female sexual fantasies as worked out in various forms of modern

History of ESPN and Sportcenter and how it has been able to leverage Essay

History of ESPN and Sportcenter and how it has been able to leverage the media - Essay Example Through instituting a fluid business model that has incorporated a diverse range of sport and market goals. Since the company’s origin, it has expanded from coverage of traditional sports such as baseball, football, and basketball, to exist at the forefront of the country’s interest in sporting, with such diverse coverage including the X-Games, Lacrosse, and high school and regional events. In addition to the expanding sports coverage, ESPN has expanded the medium of its expression through the incorporation of the sports reporting vehicle SportsCenter, as well as a ESPN the Magazine, and the ESPN.com website which has become a leader in online sports reporting. This research essay considers the means that ESPN has been able to leverage the cable media market through an examination of its historical trajectory and expanding business model. It considers both its internal and external means of change and expansion as well as how its business model has fundamentally changed since its 1970s inception. It also examines the means by which it can continue to expand and leverage the market into the 21st century. Bill Rasmussen, at the time an unemployed sportscaster, was the individual responsible for first envisioning the ESPN Network. In 1978 Rasmussen was fired by the World Hockey Association where had had worked as a sportscaster and director of operations. His initial business interest was to develop a means of broadcasting University of Connecticut basketball through cable companies throughout the state of Connecticut. During this period satellite technology had recently emerged as a viable means of connecting signals to cable broadcasters throughout the region. The RCA Company had a number of underutilized satellites with which Rasmussen was able to broker a deal and lease time. Indeed, RCA had 6 transponder sites non-operational, making

Rainmaker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rainmaker - Essay Example It is quite obvious that the insurance company was dishonest in their implementation of a stratagem that compromises the health of the customers for which their company is concurrently built upon. The decision process that a company should use to draw its policies should be a 360-degree conscientious effort to ensure that none of its provisions violate the moral and ethical standards it wishes to adhere upon. Moral rules should be engaged in the forming of the corporate bylaws so that all are within the scope of what is legally permitted. This calls for legal advisers knowledgeable in the conjuncture of business and law as well as the company executives who have firsthand knowledge of how it operates. Moral principle is something that is formulated within the company and determined by the individual components of the organization. This is what differentiates one company from all of the other companies. Moral standard is identified by the industry for which the business belongs to. Th is is put together by practitioners of the said trade. Great Benefit Life Insurance neglected the moral rules and the moral standards in how they conducted their business. Motivated by the prospect of high profits, they were willing to deviate from legal and ethical standards which caused them an enormous stake in the end. The quest for profit was its downfall as the company declared for bankruptcy and many were left unemployed. Consequently, the Blacks who wanted none of the money from the civil case and Rudy ended up with nothing. It was a no-win situation instigated by corporate misjudgment and moral

Supreme Court Appeals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Appeals - Essay Example This refers to a court order that requests lower courts to send documents as well as materials pertaining to the case to the Supreme Court. The justices are required to vote to make a decision on whether or not the case has merit before granting a writ of certiorari (Denis et al, 2014). It takes a combination of different criteria for the Court to judge if a case is â€Å"certworthy.† A Circuit Conflict is the first criterion employed by the Supreme Court in granting certiorari. This criterion is used when there is a conflict amongst the lower federal courts concerning an issue. The conflict must be unbearable and current. The reputation of the lower courts involved in the conflict is a variable when employing this criterion (â€Å"Granting Certiorari† par.7). The Importance of a case is also another criterion for judging if a case is ‘certworthy.’ There are a number of different ways that a case can be important enough to attract the Supreme Court’s attention. Similarly, cases that are important to the polity due to the societal and political impact of their resolution, for example Brown v. Board of Education as well as Roe v. Wade, can attract the attention of the Court. As a rule, two other factors influence the Court’s assessment of the importance of a case: breadth, that is, the potential impact on many people as well as the effect on the federal government (â€Å"Granting Certiorari† par.9). Another criterion is the areas of Interest to the Justices of the Supreme Court. Some justices may have a particular hobbyhorse and that can influence on whether the Court awards certiorari or not. Repeatedly, a Justice’s area of interest is determined by personal history as well as geographic origin. For instance, justices from the West might be favor of granting certiorari in water rights cases. Flagrant abuses of justice or flagrant disregard for accepted legal doctrine can sometimes

Power Storage for the National Grid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Power Storage for the National Grid - Essay Example There will also be reflections on the current studies that are undergoing to better the power storage in the UK. Major drivers of the UK economy are sectors like the industrial sector and the manufacturing sector. These sectors are very electricity dependent and thus it can be said that electricity is the major driver of the UK economy. In order to ensure that these sectors perform to their utmost efficiency there has to be comprehensive plan as far as the reliability of the Power from the national grid is concerned (Nationalgrid). One major way of guaranteeing the reliability of the power of the national grid is that UK power generators should have a comprehensive power storage plan for the national grid. Even with the very many sources of power like wind, hydro-generation, solar and many others, there is a minimal probability that without having a good storage plan for the national grid can there be reliability as far as power delivery, to the major sectors and also the domestic consumers is concerned will be as effective as it should be (Nationalgrid). One thing that can never go unmentioned are the benefits of storing power, this is due to the numerous good things that come with power that has been stored. Due to the increase in venturing into power production using wind, solar and other green means there is an unusual urge to have a good power storage system. To begin with, national grid power storage if well implemented will be very vital to the UK especially in its bid to achieve the use of greener forms of energy (Nelson 2012). This will guarantee the UK green-energy which will be a milestone since this is the long term goals of the power generators in the UK. Giving so much attention to the greener forms of energy will not only be good news to the environmentalist as far as reduction and minimization of the other environmentally unfriendly forms of power generation are concerned. This

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example This is mainly due to the extraordinary resilience of Disney during economic difficulties. During the last world recession towards the end of the last decade, Disney reported extraordinary profits for a company during such a tough economic time (chase & Tansik, 1983). In 1992 Disney opened up a new destination in Paris. This was after much analysis and lobbying behind the scenes on the location of the continental Europe branch. Two choices to be considered for the location were Spain and France (Cox, Blackstone & Schleier, 2003). After much analysis and consultation the Disney management decided to locate their new park in Paris France. Despite having unsuitable weather for a park such as a Disney, Paris had all the qualities of a promising market (Flynn, et. Al 1990). Paris was centrally placed in the European continent. This position made it easily accessible to many European citizens eager to experience Disney magic. However as it turned out the project almost watered down to obli vion from its opening and was still performing dismally as late as 2006 (Flynn, et. Al, 1995). Despite various administrative and structural changes in the company Paris Disney park is yet to pick up (Fuchsberg, 1992). This paper is going to look at operation management issues facing Disney, and ways in which through various theoretical explanations the operational problems can be dealt with. The Walt Disney Company founded in 1923 has been credited for its creativity, quality of services and customer oriented service, culminating to high levels of satisfaction in Disney’s clientele. It is this good legacy that prompted Disney to open up a new destination in Paris given the interest it evoked among Europeans (Goldrat, 1984; Gupta et al., 2000). Due to this, the company opened its Paris destination in 1992. Reports from different analysts and the media were highly optimistic that the breakthrough by Disney into the European market would be easy and fast. Policy of the existing Disney parks was projected to aid a lot in the venture (Goldratt, 1992; Goldratt, 1994). These factors and the overall goal of Disney of maximizing exposure and growth worldwide were projected to lead Disney through this period. Disney is also a unique family entertainment park since its services are enjoyable for people (Goldratt, 1997; Goldratt & Cox 1984). In Disney parks, different areas are themed around various areas which contain different attractions and rides which are not as scary as other rides in other parks making them acceptable to people of all ages (Goldratt et al 2000; Heizer & Render 2008). The first detrimental operational issue in Disney is the conformity of its basic setup, despite the huge regional difference in all its parks locations (Hackman & Wageman, 1995; Krajewski, 2007). All its parks from Florida to Tokyo are similar in their basic setup. The setup is basically based on American methods and style which may be alien to international customers. The comp any had opened a Tokyo Disneyland in 1982 which was a great success. The success was reinforced by huge appetite for American themes in Japan. As it would be seen in Europe, different markets portray different appetites for American inspired themes. Europeans were resentful and critical to the introduction of American culture on their continent (Meredith et al 1989). At the opening of Disney Euro the French government played a very big role. Porter’

Cases Of Plagiarism And Its Consequences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cases Of Plagiarism And Its Consequences - Essay Example Also, it was detected that only the last edition of her book contained a thanksgiving paragraph for Taggart’s in the preface although nothing was written about him in the preface of the first edition. Goodwin had been ousted from the university but the matter was settled very quietly between Goodwin and Taggart with the latter taking no strict action against the accused (Crader). There had been a similar case of plagiarism two years back where Stephen Ambrose, a historian was accused of copying in his book â€Å"The Wild Blue†. He had copied innumerable lines including some entire texts from Thomas Childers â€Å"Wings of Morning†. Some important phrases from Childers book like ‘glittering like mica’ and ‘up, up, up’ has been repeated word by word in â€Å"The Wild Blue† and not been put in quotation marks. Also, he has not done proper referencing and mentioned Childers only in bibliography and footnotes. However, Ambrose escaped the accusation unscathed as Guilders didn’t take any action against him for plagiarism (Barnes). The consequence of plagiarism can be judged only on the basis that whether it was intended or unintended. The above articles indicate that the works done by Ambrose and Goodwin revealed intended plagiarism since the subjects were similar to the books they plagiarized. However, no action was taken against them and such a result sounds unfair as strict actions should be taken against such people. Although Goodwin was ousted from her University, she received several accolades for her work later on from the same university. So it can be said that justice had not been done and created a wrong example for students and authors alike.

Types Of Supporting Materials Essay Example for Free

Types Of Supporting Materials Essay In this time and age, there is a rampant increase of price of oil which we all knew one our primary needs in our daily lives. This sudden augment of cost was set to give a bulk of changes in the lives of our fellowmen. This most controversial issue indeed affects a lot of people worldwide. Several crisis of price hike follows due to the chain of expenses brought about by this major instance of oil increase. To explore more about this issue of increase of charges, it is imperative to hear something from the experts to know what’s behind this phenomenon as well as how we can cope with these tremendous changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviewing the head of the energy board, it is essential to know what is behind the circumstance of increasing the cost of gasoline and us to what extent we can prevent it. Do those in authorities can do something about this tremendous occurrence? Does the at hand clamor of election can cause a huge impact to the said ordeal? These were some of the queries that need to shed beam on to enlighten the minds of every people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As we negate with the expert, it is imperative to have a grip with the supporting materials to be able to have a successful interview session as well as to have in depth analysis towards the matter. Considering the common knowledge which is the â€Å"commonly shared beliefs or values of an audience and sometimes called social knowledge† we can start by asking the expert what is something in this oil phenomenon which make people in the realm endure? Having a grasp on observable facts, we could ask the spokesman also on how such dilemma affects the lives of the people. In support to the knowledgeable facts that was being shared by the expert, it is important also to keep the conversation documented by means of statistics or even graphical representation of studying the crisis which brought a colossal impact in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the testimony that the person in charge who shared his knowledge deeply make clear to us with what we are experiencing at a moment, and truly this will serve as our guide to act in response to this increase of prices which caused hardships to some of us.

Basic Electronics Essay Example for Free

Basic Electronics Essay The p-n junction is a homojunction between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor. It acts as a diode, which can serve in electronics as a rectifier, logic gate, voltage regulator (Zener diode), switching or tuner (varactor diode); and in optoelectronics as a light-emitting diode (LED), laser diode, photodetector, or solar cell. In a relatively simplified view of semiconductor materials, we can envision a semiconductor as having two types of charge carriers-holes and free electrons which travel in opposite directions when the semiconductor is subject to an external electric field, giving rise to a net flow of current in the direction of the electric field. Figure 1 illustrates the concept. A p-n junction consists of a p-type and n-type section of the same semiconductor materials in metallurgical contact. The p-type region has an abundance of holes (majority carriers) and a few mobile electrons (minority carriers); the n-type region has an abundance of mobile electrons and a few holes (Fig. 2). Both charge carriers are in continuous random thermal motion in all directions. Fig. 2. Energy levels and carrier concentrations for a p-type and n-type semiconductor before contact. 1 When a section of p-type material and a section of n-type material are brought in contact to form a pn junction, a number of interesting properties arise. The pn junction forms the basis of the semiconductor diode. Electrons and holes diffuse from areas of high concentration toward areas of low concentration. Thus, electrons diffuse from the n-region to the p-region. , leaving behind positively charged ionized donor atoms. In the p-region the electrons recombine with the abundant holes. Similarly, holes diffuse from the p-region into the n-region, leaving behind negatively charged ionized acceptor atoms. In the n-region the holes recombine with the abundant mobile electrons. This diffusion process does not continue indefinitely, however, because it causes a disruption of the charge balance in the two regions. As a result, a narrow region on both sides of the junction becomes nearly depleted of the mobile charge carriers. This region is called the depletion layer. It contains only the fixed charges (positive ions on the n-side and negative ions on the p-side). The thickness of the depletion layer in each region is inversely proportional to the concentration of dopants in the region. The net effect is that, the depletion region sees a separation of charge, giving rise to an electric field pointing from the n side to the p side. The fixed charges create an electric field in the depletion layer that points from the n-side towards the p-side of the junction. The charge separation therefore causes a contact potential (also known as built-in potential) to exist at the junction. This built-in field obstructs the diffusion of further mobile carriers through the junction region. An equilibrium condition is established that results in a net contact potential difference Vo between the two sides of the depletion layer, with the n-side exhibiting a higher potential than the p-side. This contact potential is typically on the order of a few tenths of a volt and depends on the material (about 0. 5 to 0. 7 V for silicon). The built-in potential provides a lower potential energy for an electron on the n-side relative to the p-side. As a result, the energy bands bend as shown in Fig. 3. In thermal equilibrium there is only a single Fermi function for the entire structure so that the Fermi levels in the p- and the n-regions must align. No net current flows across the junction. The currents associated with the diffusion and built-in field (drift current) cancel for both the electrons and holes. Fig. 3. A p-n junction in the Thermal equilibrium at T gt; 0? K. The depletion-layer, energy-band diagram, and concentrations (on a logarithmic scale) of the mobile electrons n(x) and holes p(x) are shown as a functions of the position x. The built-in potential difference V corresponds to the energy eV where e is the electron charge. 0 0 2 The Biased p-n Junction An externally applied potential will alter the potential difference between the p- and n-regions. This in turn will modify the flow of majority carriers, so that the junction can be used as a â€Å"gate†. If the junction is forward biased by applying a positive voltage V to the p-region (Fig. 4), its potential is increased with respect to the n-region, so that an electric field is produced in a direction opposite to that of the built-in field. The presence of the external bias voltage causes a departure from equilibrium and a misalignment of the Fermi levels in the p- and n-regions, as well as in the depletion layer. The presence of the two Fermi levels in the depletion layer, Efc and Efv represents a state of quasi-equilibrium. Fig. 4. Energy band diagram and carrier concentrations for a forward-biased p-n junction. In effect, then, if one were to connect the two terminals of the p-n junction to form a closed circuit, two currents would be present. First, a small current, called reverse saturation current, is, exists because of the presence of the contact potential and the associated electric field. In addition, it also happens that holes and free electrons with sufficient thermal energy can cross the junction. This current across the junction flows opposite to the reverse saturation current and is called diffusion current. Of course, if a hole from the p side enters, it is quite likely that it will quickly recombine with one of the n-type carriers on the n side. (Fig. 4) The net effect of the forward bias is to reduce the height of the potential-energy hill by an amount eV. The majority carrier current turns out to increase by an exponential factor exp(eV/kT). So that the net current becomes i = isexp(eV/kT) – is, where is is nearly a constant. The excess majority carrier holes and electrons that enter the n and p regions, respectively, become minority carriers and recombine with the local majority carriers. To explain the mechanism of reverse conduction, one needs to visualize the phenomenon of avalanche breakdown. When a very large negative bias is applied to the p-n junction, sufficient energy is imparted to charge carriers that reverse current can flow, well beyond the normal reverse, saturation current. In addition, because of the large electric field, electrons are energized to such levels that if they collide with other charge carriers at a lower energy level, some of their energy is transferred to the carriers with low energy, 4 and these can now contribute to the reverse conduction process, as well. This process is called impact ionization. Now, these new carriers may also have enough energy to energize other lowenergy electrons by impact ionization, so that once a sufficiently high reverse bias is provided, this process of conduction takes place very much like an avalanche: a single electron can ionize several others. Fig. 6. The reverse breakdown region The phenomenon of Zener breakdown is related to avalanche breakdown. It is usually achieved by means of heavily doped regions in the neighbourhood of the metal-semiconductor junction (the ohmic contact) . The high density of charge carriers provides the means for a substantial reverse breakdown current to be sustained at a much lower specific voltage than normal diode, at a nearly constant reverse bias known as the Zener voltage, Vz. This phenomenon is very useful in applications where one would like to hold some load voltage constant for example, in voltage regulators. The response time of a p-n junction to a dynamic (ac) applied voltage is determined by solving the set of differential equations governing the processes of electrons and hole diffusion, drift (under the influence of the built-in and external electric fields), and recombination. These effects are important for determining the speed at which the diode can be operated. They may be conveniently modeled by two capacitances, a junction capacitance and diffusion capacitance, in parallel with an ideal diode. The junction capacitance for the time necessary to change the fixed positive and negative charges stored in the depletion layer when the applied voltage changes. The thickness l of the depletion layer turns out to be proportional to v(Vo-V); it therefore increases under the reverse-bias conditions (negative V) and decreases under the forward-bias conditions (positive V). The junction capacitance C=?A/l (where A is the area of the junction) is therefore inversely proportional to v(VoV). The junction capacitance of a reverse-biased diode is smaller (and the RC response time is therefore shorter) than that of a forward-biased diode. The dependence of C on V is used to make voltage-variable capacitors (varactors). 5 Experiment l(a) : i-v characteristics of a semiconductor diode Procedure Connect the diode according to the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 8. Fig 8 Vary the voltage V on the power supply between 0-30V. Alternately, the second concept is that the blocking action of an inductor stops the a. c. portion while the d. c. portion passes without much attenuation. Note: For filtering, large capacitance (hundreds to tens of hundreds microfarad) is needed. These are generally electrolytic capacitors, which consist of a repeating sandwich of aluminum sheets and a conducting paste, rolled into a cylinder for miminmun size. The aluminum sheets are polarized to form thin layers of aluminum oxide, a dielectric insulating material. The thinner the the dielectric the higher the capacitance will be.

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier ABSTRACT: Biomass gasifiers have found a promising place in renewable energy resource field. Even then, these gasifiers are facing lots of practical difficulties on operational effectiveness due to shortage of man power. So small scale biomass gasifier is fabricate and further the fuel feeding system and switching functions (On/Off Operations) are also changed by means of automation. Bucket conveyors are used to feed the fuel from the reservoir to the pre-storage chamber. The fuel will be fed in equal intervals of time to maintain constant level of fuel in the reactor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. Ignition of the gasifier is also automated using a special ignition set up. All these automations are achieved by using microcontrollers, sensors and limit switches. Keywords: Biomass gasifier, automation, conveyor, microcontrollers. I. INTRODUCTION: Biomass gasifier has evolved in different aspects for more than three decades. Many improvements were made in biomass gasifiers. The rectifications of the flaws found in the gasifiers were sorted out; researched and good results were obtained. Highly efficient biomass gasifiers of different type are in existence at present. Even then there are many problems to overcome in order to make the biomass gasifier further more efficient. The main challenging factors to make the biomass gasifiers highly efficient both cost wise performance wise are as follows, (i)Gasification is quite complex and sensitive process. (ii)Due to the continuous working of the system it requires the repeated refueling. (iii)The removal of residues such as ash and other residues is taking more time.(iv)The formation of producer gas is very easy, but getting the proper state is very difficult.(v)Man power is needed for fueling, igniting and monitoring. Thus resulting in expenditure for safety aspects of human resources, which makes it cost inefficient the system. (vi)Toxicity of producer gas is also a major problem which affects the humans. Amongst all the problems faced, the major problems falls in a category of need for automation. The automation can be done in any type of biomass gasifier. This paper focuses on automating downdraft gasifier in particular. The concept of automation of the biomass gasifier started from the year of 1980 by â€Å"Bil finger industrial automation services†. Various up-gradations and the changes are brought into practice after the middle of 1990’s the automation of gasifier is still being debated for further improvements. A. Automation of the Gasifier Using Microcontroller Energy systems that rely upon biomass fuel are often very complex due to the need for the systems to integrate fuel handling, combustion control, and ash removal. Automation of biomass gasifier is capable of offering a wide range of solutions to suit these needs. These are achieved by utilizing a variety of PLC and SCADA systems at present [1]. Even though PLC SCADA finds a promising place in automation of biomass gasifier [1] there were few disadvantages like highly expensive system for being installed in small scale and medium scale gasification unit skilled workers with deep knowledge about these controlling system are needed. Hence this paper mainly focuses on automation of then gasifier from small scale to large scale unit. This can be achieved by automate the gasifiers using microcontroller. A Microcontroller is a digital computer on a single chip but usually runs for performing a dedicated task. It has CPU, memory, timers, Parallel Serial I/O and peripherals, counters and clock circuit. The primary operation of a microcontroller is performed by using a fixed program that is stored in the ROM. Because of absence of CPU, RAM, ROM, Peripherals all embedded on a single chip in microprocessor, microcontroller has a greater advantage over it. This in turn reduces the size of the application and cost. It consumes low power because it operates at low frequencies and so it is fit for durable application. II. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GASIFIER: Downdraft gasifier, the upper cylindrical part of gasifier acts as a collection device for wood chips or other biomass fuel [4]. The downdraft gasifier is shown in Fig. 1. Below this cylindrical part of gasifier, there is a radially directed air nozzle that permits air to be drawn in to the raw material, so they become gasified. Before the pyrolyzing of biomass it contacts with atmospheric air, char and support a flame. It rapidly consumes limited air supply for getting richer flame in the pyrolysis zone. At the final stage of pyrolysis zone, the gases consist mostly of C ­o, H2o, Co2 and CH4 [5]. The throat ensures that the gaseous products pass through the hottest zone where most of the tar cracked into gaseous hydrocarbon. Thus produces relatively clean gas. A. Components of gasifier: All the components of downdraft gasifier are designed in soildworks software. Main components of automated downdraft gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Hopper: The purpose of a hopper is to store the biomass for continuous feed to reaction chamber. It is mounted above the reactor of gasifier. The fuel storage hopper is made up of 4mm thick mild steel. The diameter and height of fuel hopper is chosen to be 220mm and 550mm respectively [2]. Round shaped hopper has been chosen to prevent the problem of biomass being stuck. 2. Gasification Zone: This is the main component of gasifier. The main reaction of gasification like oxidation, reduction and distillation takes place in this zone. It is in the shape of vertical convergent and divergent nozzle (from top to bottom direction) and made by 3mm thick mild steel. Upper diameter of divergent section is 100mm and the lower diameter is of 220mm with 100mm height respectively [2]. 3. Outer Cylinder: A cylinder is made to cover the whole gasification assembly. The height and diameter of cylinder are 220mm and 250mm respectively [2]. B. Components of automated gasifier: The components of automated gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Pre-storage chamber: A pre storage chamber is made to store the fuel after the fuel bunker and before the combustion chamber. The height and diameter of cylinder are 200mm and 300mm respectively. 500mm length door frame is placed on the top of cylinder, same 500mm length door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. And 250mm outer diameter and 220mm inner diameter flange. 8 holes of 10mm diameter are drilled in the plates to join the hopper and pre-storage chamber with the help of nut and bolts. 2. Pre – Storage Door with lead screw: A pre-storage door with lead screw is placed inside of the door frame. It is used to avoid the atmospheric air to inside the combustion zone. The length, breadth and thickness of door are 300mm, 210mm and 2mm respectively. And the Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of lead screw are 19mm, 320mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of box nut are inner diameter- 20mm, outer diameter- 40mm, 35mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The door is placed on the top of cylinder, same door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. 3. Fuel bunker with conveyor system: A fuel bunker with conveyor is made to store the fuel in the fuel bunker and convey the fuel from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber (Bucket conveyors were used in the system) [3]. The height, length and width of fuel bunker are 400mm, 450mm and 450mm respectively. And the conveyor is placed inside of the fuel bunker another end is placed on the top of the pre-storage chamber. C. Assembling of automated gasifier: In order to assemble the gasifier components, first of all water tank is placed on the stand and the gasifier is placed inside the tank. Now the pre-storage chamber is placed to top of the hopper and join with the help of nut and bolts. And the fuel bunker with conveyor is placed on the stand one end of the conveyor is fixed inside of the fuel bunker and another side of the conveyor is fixed on the top of the pre-storage tank with help of bolts and nuts. The schematic of automated gasifier unit is shown in fig. 1. Fig.1. Schematic of automated gasifier unit III. COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM A. Microcontroller kit: Microcontroller kit is used to control the sequence of operation in this system, like door open close, conveyor system on/off, igniter on/off, blower on/off. These operations are control by according to the sequence of operation. B. Sensors: IR proximity sensor is act as a level sensor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. It can able to sense the nearby objects without any disturbance of the sensed object. It does not have any mechanical parts and also lack of direct contact between sensed object and sensor. So it has high durability and high reliability. C. Motors: Motor is used to drive the conveyor system and door open close operations. These are controlled by microcontroller kit. D. Limit switches: Limit switch is a device which converts mechanical motion in to electric signal. It is operated by physical contact of the object. In this system limit switches are used to control the door open close system. Fig.2. Automated small scale gasifier unit IV. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION Flow chart for sequence of operation Starting process Continuous process If the fuel level comes down in the hopper B. Flow chart description: Starting process: Step 1: set the feeding time interval in the microcontroller kit (using adjustable time regulator). Step 2: press the press button to start the process. Step 3: door 1will be open (using motor limit switch). Step 4: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber. Step 5: if the fuel attains the maximum level in pre-storage chamber, the conveyor system will be cut off (using sensor to check the level of fuel in pre-storage chamber). Step 6: After these door 1will be close. Step 7: And then door 2 open. The fuel comes from pre-storage chamber to hopper. Step 8: After 25 sec door 2 will be close. Step 9: repeat from step 1 to step 6 another one time for filling the hopper (this repeating process is adjustable in the program. it depends upon the fuel). Step 10: After this process air blower will be on (for creating pressure in the gasification zone). Step 11: After 1min igniter will be on (using automatic igniter). Continuous process: The continuous process will happen for every equal interval. The time interval is adjustable (before start the whole process to set the time interval depends up on the fuel characteristics). Step 1: door 1 open. Step 2: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel banker to pre-storage chamber. Step 3: if the fuel will be attain maximum level in pre storage. The conveyor system will be cut off. Step 4: door 1 close. Step 5: door 2 open. The fuel comes to hopper. Step 6: After 25 sec door 2 will be close V. CONCLUSION Thus the small scale biomass gasifier was designed and fabricated with automatic controls. This gasifier is initiated with the manual feeding of biomass in the Fuel bunker, set the equal time interval for feeding from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber and press the push button to start process there after the entire process like fuel feeding system, ignition system, switching functions (On/Off Operations), equal interval of feeding was automated using microcontroller, sensors, limit switches and motors. In future to develop the gasifier in fully automatic mode, to controlling and monitoring the gasifier parameters like temperature, pressure, air flow rate and gas flow rate etc. And also implement this automation in large scale gasfiers.

Cesar Chavez: A Great Organizer and Leader Essay -- The United Farm Wo

Labor unions have been instrumental in the lives of workers throughout American history, and have led to important advances in the American workforce. Throughout history there have been patterns of exploitation of immigrant workers by businesses in order to increase profits; the Mexican migrant workers of southern California are the most recent historical group to fall into this pattern of exploitation mostly from their lack of organization. Cesar E. Chavez was a great organizer and leader of the United Farm Workers labor union. Robert Kennedy referred to him as â€Å"one of the heroic figures of our time.† Chavez used his life experiences in order to better the lives of many migrant workers in America. Key points in Chavez’s life that had profound effects on the Mexican American workers include things such as: his first taste of leading political organizations in 1952; the foundation of the United Farm Workers of America in 1962; and the use of nonviolent approaches such as boycotts, strikes, and fasts, as seen in the grape and lettuce strikes. Throughout his career his selfless exploits made him the hero that he is now seen to be. When these key portions of Chavez’s life are examined, it can be seen that he had a very large role in gaining and defending civil rights, wage increases, and worker benefits for migrant farmers (Chavez Foundation). In 1952 Chavez would begin his career as a community leader and political organizer through the Community Service Organization or CSO, which was already established as a prominent Mexican American civil rights organization in southern California. The CSO worked mostly with voter registration and everyday problems that Mexican Americans would encounter, and this served as a valuable learni... ... understood what was right, and he sought to fill the need that had been left by government and the private sector. Works Cited Chavezfoundation. â€Å"Cesar E. Chavez> American Hero.† http://www.chavezfoundation.org/_page.php?code=001001000000000&page_ttl=American+Hero&kind=1. Griswold Del Castillo, Richard, and Richard A. Garcia. Cà ©sar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit. The Oklahoma western biographies, v. 2. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995 Martin, Philip. â€Å"Labor Relations in California Agriculture: 1975-2000†. September 20, 2000. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/more.php?id=44_0_2_0. Moore, Joan W., Cuellar, Alfredo. Mexican America. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc 1970. Tejada-Flores, Rick. â€Å"Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers’ Struggle†. 2004. http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/cesarchavez.html.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Ten-year-old orphan Jane Eyre lives unhappily with her wealthy, cruel cousins and aunt at Gateshead. Her only salvation from her daily humiliations, such as being locked up in a "red-room" (where she thinks she sees her beloved uncle's ghost), is the kindly servant, Bessie. Jane is spared further mistreatment from the Reed family when she is sent off to school at Lowood, but there, under the hypocritical Evangelicalism of the headmaster, Mr. Brocklehurst, she suffers further privations in the austere environment. She befriends Helen Burns, who upholds a doctrine of Christian forgiveness and tolerance, and is taken under the wing of the superintendent, Miss Temple. An outbreak of typhus alerts benefactors to the school's terrible conditions, Mr. Brocklehurst is replaced, and Jane excels as a student for six years and as a teacher for two. Jane finds employment as a governess at the estate of Thornfield for a little girl, Adà ¨le. After much waiting, Jane finally meets her employer, Edward Rochester, a brooding, detached man who seems to have a dark past. Other oddities around Thornfield include the occasional demonic laugh Jane hears emanating from the third-story attic. Rochester always attributes it to Grace Poole, the seamstress who works up there, but Jane is never fully convinced, and the fire she has to put out one night in Rochester's bedroom plants further doubts. Meanwhile, Jane develops an attraction for Rochester, not based on looks (both are considered plain) but on their intellectual communion. However, the higher social standing of the beautiful Miss Ingram seemingly vaults her above Jane. Though Rochester flirts with the idea of marrying Miss Ingram, he is aware of her financial ambitions for marriage. An old acquaintance of Rochester's, Richard Mason, visits Thornfield and is severely injured from an attack†¹apparently from Grace†¹in the middle of the night in the attic. Jane, baffled by the circumstances, tends to him, and Rochester confesses to her that he made an error in the past that he hopes to overturn by marrying Miss Ingram. He says that he has another governess position for Jane lined up elsewhere. Jane returns to Gateshead for a while to see the dying Mrs. Reed. When she returns to Thornfield, Rochester says he knows Miss Ingram is after him only for his money, and he asks Jane to marry him. Jane accepts, but a month later, Mason and a solicitor, Mr. Briggs, interrupt the ceremony by revealing that Rochester already has a wife: Bertha Mason, Mason's sister, a lunatic who is kept in the attic in Thornfield.

Redhook Brewery Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction The distribution alliance Redhook formed with Anheuser-Bush in 1994 was to run for 20 years, but could be terminated after 10 years under certain conditions. Under the alliance, A.B. invested in Redhook and gained a 25% stake in the company’s equity, and made its nationwide networks of 700 wholesale distributors. Redhook retained full control over production and marketing. Distributors who participated in the alliance were to be given exclusive distributing rights in their territories. Redhook believed they could gain acceptance and much greater exposure with this alliance with Anheuser-Bush, but the alliance was viewed controversial be many. Strengths and Weaknesses Regarding strengths and weakness, we found that one of Redhook’s weaknesses was that management wanted to make it too big in the craft beer industry too fast. For instance, once Redhook started making a profit they replaced the first brewery with a larger capacity with state of the art equipment. Redhook also has a problem regarding the structure of the industry and the quality of the company’s management team. Another weakness for Redhook was the age group that was buying their craft beer. One of Redhook’s strengths was that they had an agreement with one of the biggest beer distributor Anheuser-Busch to distribute their product. However, one could probably turn that into a weakness for Redhook as Anheuser-Busch may not promote Redhook’s product as well as their own. The table below shows the strengths and weaknesses of Redhook. Strengths Major source of revenue and profit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Craft Beer Market share of the company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.7% Strong company brands  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blonde ale Marketing and advertising effective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes. Articulate plans in place Major focus of the company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production to produce high quality beer Skilled workers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trained, educated and prepared Stock price track record  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varies. Down now Technology efficient  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company has embraced technology Company proactive about change  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes. Company proven change can work International trade  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company goal is to compete in the international market Weaknesses Competitiveness ... ...ours Community Gatherings Marketing on Site Price Discounting Company owned Pubs Visitor Tours Homepage provided classes on brewing Open office of collegiality and collaboration part of office culture Human Resources: Objectives Production of high quality craft beer Control of production in company owned business Operation of regional brewing facilities Production economics through technologically advanced equipment Strategic distribution alliance with Anheuser-Busch Promotion of production within local markets Goals Continued market development and penetration in East Addressing short fall of growth in West Growth in International Market Conclusion Although Anheuser-Busch governs the brewery industry top management also sought to dominate the craft beer market. Their endeavors were rewarded when Red Hook beer sold company stock to Busch. This mutual agreement was beneficial to Red Hook because it offered opportunities for them to serve a larger customer base, increased their distribution suppliers and provided additional brewery locations. Anheuser-Busch attacked the evolution of microbreweries with â€Å"gusto† therefore, forever shaping the revolution of craft beer makers.

Mary the mother of Jesus and the Catholic Church tradition

Mary otherwise called ‘The Blessed Virgin Mary’ or ‘The Virgin Mary’ or ‘Blessed Virgin’; terms commonly used within the Roman Catholic Church to describe Mary the mother of Jesus whose teaching and beliefs form the basis of Christianity. The Catholic Church holds the position held by Mary in high regard and this has occasioned many teachings as well as doctrines on this subject. (Newsweek, 6)  During the Second Vatican Council in the Dogmatic Constitution of the Church on November 21 1964, Mary was also given other titles of Mediatrix, Adjutrix and Advocate (http://www.whidbey.net/~dcloud/fbns/marycoredeemer.htm)The term Virgin Mary is not used virtually as a belief in her virginity but as a sign of a role of life continuity for the Catholic Church and for the Christians’ life. In Catholicism Mary is viewed as alive, and living in heaven where she is able to hear prayers offered by human beings on earth then intercedes on their behalf to Jesus her son. (Newsweek, 6)  Mary as opposed to Eve (the first woman) is considered as absolutely obedient; in fact she was called the Second Eve by St. Irenaeus; this was because it was through Mary that the first damage was undone, the damage that had been caused by Eve eating the fruit of the forbidden tree, where human beings were condemned by God to a life of sin.In 431AD, Mary was given the title ‘Theotokos’ a Greek name that translates as the â€Å"God- bearer† or ‘Divine Mother of God’. This description is purported to be supported by the Holy Scriptures in Luke 1:43 when Elizabeth saluted Mary thus â€Å"But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?† (Luke 1:43)Officially in the Roman Catholicism there are 4 dogmas or beliefs about Blessed Virgin Mary. They include– Mother of God (Theotokos )– Perpetual virginity– Immaculate conception– Assumption in to heaveni) Mother of God (Theotokos)In Mariology or the Christian theology concerned with Mary the mother of Jesus, this is the main and principle dogma. The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus declared it in 431AD. It is also considered to be the oldest of all the dogmas.The dogma in Mariology is very important especially in the Theology of Christ because as it is argued, if Mary was not the mother of God then it did not hold true that Jesus was God. As pointed before, this dogma was based on book of Luke 1:43 through Elizabeth’s salutation.Mary as the mother of God is regularly addressed as Theotokos in most Hymns in Catholicism and other Eastern Orthodox churches. One of the common hymns that is used in most services is Axion Estin which means ‘It is truly meet’. Other hymns in this regard include the famous Hail Mary, Beneath thy Compassion among others. (Newsweek, 7)The Immaculate ConceptionIn this Catholic Dogma Mary is considered as a very unique person among the humanity. She was uniqu e because she was born without sin and was free from the original sin. It was also held that she was sinless in her entire life.This dogma was promulgated by Pope Pius 1X on 8th December 1854.According to the Catholic Church teachings Mary was granted grace since conception yet she needed a savior through Jesus Christ. Also by way of God, the Catholic Church teachings hold that she shared in the gifts of the crucifixion of Jesus. Scriptural support for this is to be found in Luke 1:28 which is used to support the immaculate conception of Mary. Other scriptures in support of the immaculate conception is the instance in the scripture when she was greeted by Angel Gabriel as â€Å"full of grace† or â€Å"highly favored†Also according to this dogma, Mary was highly regarded as being the ‘Ark of the Covenant in the New Testament’ and just like Moses who used â€Å"incorruptible† wood for the tablets, it was seen befitting for her to be made â€Å"immacu late† and â€Å"incorruptible† as well.The Dogma of Immaculate Conception was significantly given more prominence from the vision of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858. A 14-year-old girl by the name Bernadette Soubirous at Lourdes made claims to the effect that a beautiful lady had made an appearance to her; the beautiful lady’s name as she put it, was â€Å"The Immaculate Conception†, the Catholic faithful believed this was indeed the appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary. (Newsweek, 8)To show how solemn the dogma of the Immaculate Conception is in the Roman Catholic Church, there is a Holy Day of Obligation in 1st of January every year for this purpose and it is almost celebrated as a holy day in some countries. (Newsweek, 8)Mary is usually highly considered in Catholicism unlike the rest of the humanity, she is considered to be free of the original sin. The Catholics argue that Jesus could not have been born in a vessel that was sinful. Thus to be able to car ry Jesus in her womb she had to be free of the original sin. (Newsweek, 8)  The perpetual virginity In this dogma, the Roman Catholic Church further affirms Mary’s â€Å"real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made man†. (Catechism of the catholic church 499) what this meant was that Mary remained a virgin in her entire life and Jesus was her only biological son who was not only miraculously conceived, but born as well. http://www.cin.org/v2church.html:It is further believed that in fact, Christ’s birth sanctified Mary’s virginity. Scriptural support for this belief is stated thus â€Å"The LORD said to me, â€Å"This gate is to remain shut. It must not be opened; no one may enter through it. It is to remain shut because the LORD, the God of Israel, has entered through it.† (Ezekiel 44:2) this, according to this dogma there was no form of sexual intercourse between Mary and Joseph which would have â€Å"de filed† her. The Catholics therefore hold that Mary remained pure and undefiled in her entire life. (Newsweek, 6)Some important statements to support this belief would include the Lateran Synod of 649, where in the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ‘Summa Theologiae III.28.2’, Mary is said to have given birth miraculously without pain, without opening her womb and without injuring or rupturing the hymen. http://www.cin.org/v2church.htmlThe Assumption of MaryThis dogma is the last among the four and is the most recent having been dogmatically defined as infallible on 1 November 1950 by Pope Pius XII in his Apostolic Constitution.The Theology of the Roman Catholic Church holds that The Blessed Virgin Mary â€Å"having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory† (Pope Pius XII, 1950). What this meant is that Mary unlike other humanity was taken to heaven, united body and soul, thus she never died the natural death experien ced by all living beings.The Roman Catholics celebrate the accession to heaven of Mary in the feast day as The Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In John 14:3 Jesus in his Last Supper said thus † And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am.† Mary is assumed to be the person to fulfill this promise. This is the scripture that is used to support the assumption of Mary into heaven.REFERENCESCatechism of the catholic church 499Pope Pius XII: â€Å"Munificentissimus Deus – Defining the Dogma of the Assumption†, par.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   44. Vatican, November 1, 1950John 14:3, Ezekiel 44:2, Luke 1:28, Luke 1:43. Scriptures lifted from NIV BibleNewsweek cover story, 1997-AUG-25.†The meaning of Mary: A struggle over her role grows within the church,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rome says Mary is Co-redeemer, mediator, advocate,† Way of Life, athttp://www .cin.org/v2church.html: Vatican II, â€Å"Lumen Gentium: Dogmatic Constitution of the Church,† Chapter 8, â€Å"The Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of god in the mystery of Christ and the Church,† III, 62. See

The Great Change (Langston Hughes)

One of the most pregnant men in the Harlem reincarnation was Langston Hughes. His identity was formed in the neighborhood of immature York City although it was said that he had such(prenominal) travel in his purport that he hind end be considered as the serviceman with no roots at solely. entirely Langston had his heart dedicated to voicing emerge the experiences and the sorrow of the Afri peck American people. During his season, he created poetrys, plays, and books active the minacious making corporeal their status in the society. He was champion of the great men who were against racialism and inequality. He found direction in his life non that through create verb on the wholey neverthe slight withal to disc all overing to fuck and blues. He was the kind of man who would mould in a bar and listen to music and in that centering he created a new direction non beneficial in his poetry but in art itself. His importance and h experient dear was seen in the way he make other blacks to reach out their doggedings to the society, their deficient non merely to be supererogatory from racism but also to be seen and reputed analogous the whites. Hughes spoke of value as a man for the Blacks.The Harlem Renaissance rememberd by new ideas was emphasized by Hughes through his music and poetry. One of his non adapted verse form was The Negro speaks of River helped him make a good start in the cosmea of poetry and cultural exposition.The Negro Speaks of Rivers (to W. E. B. B. DuBois)Ive know rivers Ive known rivers ancient as the initiation and older than the flow of human kin in human veins.My soul has prominent deep like the rivers.I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the congou tea and it lulled me to cat sleep.I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I comprehend the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln wentdown to tender Orleans, and Ive seen its muddy bosom turnall golden in the cheerset.In this poem, he gave significance to the Blacks being the builders of civilization, nearthing that should be considered in history. For a long time, preceding to the African American Cultural Movement, the black people cave in experienced inequity in different forms, whether at work, in school and in the community as a whole. Their existence was seen to be less than the white where some African American people would say that they never unfeignedly existed at all. The poem speaks of the places known to all(prenominal) black, and it can be noticed that these places all have historical significance.The fictional character and his comrades not lock in look for significance and visibility but also for kinsfolk. The poem creates an doubling of longing for home where on that point is harbor and justice. The words lulled me to sleep atomic number 18 quite a mighty for the readers to see what is being longed for by the persona, thats n i other than placidne ss within. This can be cerebrate to the home that the blacks have searched for a long time in the community of whites who dominated and authentic the best of what the universe could offer. The poem also raises the blacks voice of considering them the builders of growth and civilization because they have always been there, in the past, in the confront and in the future. Hughes tried to create an deific stand of the blacks against invisibility, an element that do racism flourish.Another poem by Langston Hughes entitled ambition Deffered exposes sorrow and heavy burden in life. What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore and then run? The poem is made of hesitancys that seem to be unending. The nuance is with hopelessness. The language used was simple, simple affluent to be understood that its all about dreams of the blacks that were held long enough by time. Possibilities and ways of the process of disappearance can be s een in the poem like for example drying up from the heat of the sun which was menti 1d a while ago.The line Does it smack in a rotten middle? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupty sweet? is other headspring that may be related to the kind of goal that blacks experience. The image of a rotten meat suggests something mournful and unsupportable while the latter is an image of a sweet death. It makes one winder just how tolerable is it to just throw ones body into the river because the one who died is not really that significant and his existence is not really valued, a very ballpark scenario of the black people who are enslaved and sell to the market of the whites. But more than the question of privilege for a peaceful death is their right to have it. If they are take away of the privilege to have even a good burial or death, should the question on pass offs for a good dower be questioned all the same?The tone for rest Girl can also be corresponded to Dream Deffered as i t speaks also of tribulation over a status or position but the difference is that there is a glimpse of hope that can be seen in it. I would liken you to a night without stars were it not for your eyes. I would liken you to a sleep without dreams were it not for your songs. The night without stars can be seen as another hopeless case of some sort in the scene, however, it is given a sprinkle of a good chance through the eyes that was silently off-key to sparkle instead of the stars. The songs were made powerful in attaining a tranquil sleep even if there was no dream. The tremendous thing that can be derived from the poem is the sound of continuity of life disrespect some faulty circumstances in the lives of the black. There is the sense of balance that is being claimed from the poem, the balance that could give meaning to the blacks existence.But if there is one particular poem that can characterize the present African Americans, with the way they oppose and live in the presen t society, that would be the poem Me and the Mule.My old scuff, Hes gota grin on his face. Hes been a mule so long Hes forgotten about his race.Im like that old mule Black and dont give a raspberry You got to take me Like I am.A mule that is known for its good on the job(p) ability for an animal not only whole works for nothing, but also works for a master. But that can be one point of the poem. It can be seen also in a verificatory sense in the way that there is a courage directly shown from the mule and from the persona to not solicitude, yes, not care at all from all the favouritism that he has experienced and from what the world tells about him. The mule just like the persona shall continue to live no point how hard it is to exist and no yield how heavy the load seems. The present though doesnt change the blacks past. Still, even after(prenominal) the Harlem Renaissance, it cant be denied that they were still despised of their rights to experience a just treatment. But right now they are already visible, yet they will still be like the mule that wont give a dump to the societys offensive thoughts. Perhaps, just like the mule, giving no damn will make them live longer, and stronger.Hughes was able to see and react on the earth of his position and his art, his love for music, poetry and plays made him more than a figure of the Harlem renaissance. He made himself and his race visible to the world and worth it of the great and positive changes with the way blacks are treated. More than a poet, Langston Hughes was the tumid difference of the Harlem Renaissance.SourcesA Renaissance Man. April 23, 2007 Langston Hughes. April 23, 2007 Langston Hughes Biography. April 24, 2007 Langston Hughes. April 24, 2007

Grand Strategy of Popular Holding

Grand Strategy of commonplace Holding usual use outgrowth strategy that involves expansion in gross sales revenues, number of customers, number of employees to accomplish the props mission. ordinary is making fast and extensive inroads into the Greater china commercialise, e limitedly in mainland China and Taiwan. Their wrinkle activities cover some major cities and provinces in China such as Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Taipei. usual to a fault grow their commerce in capital of Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Canada. prevalent has the nedeucerk, bailiwick and the plat embodiment to grow their rail line and expand into unexampled products, markets and assembly linees.The three main core businesses which ar sell & distribution, print, and e-learning enable popular has become an established pla electronic networkary house name in arrest and stationary selling. issue is a complementary business that acquired by hot which is one of the growth strategies. gobble upULAR is gradually being recognized as an essential element in the take for and publishing world in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In publishing, prevalent publish text book, supplementary book or general book.In course of instruction two hundred6, POPULAR produced HARRIS Bookstore which is a new brand that centering on English books. POPULAR ar positdness and introducing a new series of English children readers, call ROBIN with i-pen readability and published by POPULAR UK Pte control. POPULAR also strive to transform themselves from a personaal publisher to an international publishing group. finished POPULAR Canada, its Math Smart series has introduced into the unify States. At the same(p) time, they are looking virtually at the UK market for potential business opportunities.In Hong Kong, most of the syllabuses for primary cultivate are changed, neglect for the subject Putonghua. To consolidate leadership of position in the pre-primary textbo ok market, POPULAR adopt two sets of textbooks in September 2007 school year. Pan Llotds Publisher Limited specializing in supplementary books in Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong students have to prepare for two discernment tests, Pan Lloyds respond to this market need by launching two assessment series, namely HKAT taunt & Intensive Practices Series and TSA Mock & Assorted Practice Series.In Singapore, Educational publishing House Pte Ltd is the top assessment publisher with vehemence on primary school titles. They are offset to publish to a greater extent secondary titles. In Malaysia, EPH make (M) Sdn. Bhd. , is gearing up to double the supplementary titles to be published for year 2008. To strengthen the publishing and sell & distribution divisions, POPULAR plan to publish to a greater extent visually attractive full-color books, such as television dictionaries, for toddlers and pre-primary school market.In expanding publishing activities, POPULAR synergize it with e-leaning business and retail & distribution business. Armed with their vast core library and publishing resources, publishing support the retail & distribution, as well as the e-learning business by providing them with relevant, unique and excellent contents with highly ascendible contents. POPULAR aim to be the most advanced publisher of bilingual books. In retail &distribution, POPULAR introduce POPULAR membership card and collapse a lot of promotion to attract more buyers so that the sales revenue and number of customers posterior be expanded.Members rear whoop it up 20%* usher out on POPULAR Choice & POPULAR pass titles 10% discount on all regular-priced product at all POPULAR book expose in Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore, and HARRIS Bookstores as well as CD-RAMA Department in Malaysia only and 5% discount off of school and tertiary textbooks. Members flowerpot get discount at POPULAR tie as well. POPULAR connection is a reward program designed for members to enjoy disco unt and privileges at participating merchants stores such as Bossini (apparel), Icekimo (food), Norman (IT), Sunway Hotel (leisure), Optic Point (optical) and so forth.POP CLUB Magazine launched in year 2003. POPULAR will give POP CLUB clip to for POPULAR Card Members and walk-in customers. With outlets peppered throughout Malaysia, vouchers can be redeem. POPULAR Gift Voucher is useable in denomination of RM5, RM10 and RM50. To increase more sales revenue and number of customers, POPULAR also ceaselessly organize many activities such as book fair, talk session, sharing session and so on. In june 2007, POPULAR opened emailprotected, the largest single floor bookstore in Hong Kong to propel the awareness of POPULAR in Hong Kongs retail book scene.Besides that, Popular also co-operate with Sin Chew Media Corporation and MCA animateness Long Learning Secretariat to organize emailprotected emailprotected is an yearbook mega final result that has grown to be one of the regions larges t international book fairs, since its inception in 2006. The inaugural BookFest Malaysia which commenced in 2006 witnessed 320,000 visitors. It welcomed an overwhelming crowd which passed that bench mark and exceeded 400,000 visitors in the following year.In 2008, the annual event had proven to be yet another victorious exposition with figures close to half a meg. In Kuala Lumpur, POPULAR successfully staged emailprotected 2007, in may 2007. In year 2008, there are more activities are carried out in the BookFest. Some of the special high well-to-dos for last year BookFest were Olympics Exhibition, 11 overseas authors appearance, medicinal drug performances by Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, Readers Choice plunder Presentation Ceremony, Book Recycling Campaign, Calligraphy argument and many more.In Singapore, popular staged emailprotected 2007 in December 2007. They are looking at opportunities to introduce populars version of BookFest to other cities in East Asia, particula rly in Taiwan, which is second to mainland China in Chinese book publishing and sale. The e-learning business and prospect have gradually changed. Education is relying more and more on the use of IT for teaching and learning. Nowa eld, users are more focused on how the evolving technology can improve their learning and education. POPULAR take this return to expand its operation.The multitudes e-learning business has grasped this hazard to work closely with our retail & distribution and publishing, to erect direct value-add services to its products, like the i-pen function in our successful in-house brand, ROBIN Readers. The e-learning division continues to play an meaning(a) strategic role in the conclave by providing our publishing business with the advanced digital publishing technologies. POPULAR expand its business by establishing CD-RAMA and One-2-Buy. CD-RAMA retail various type of music, movie, drama in form of CD, VCD and DVD.One-2-Buy retail daily essentials ranging f rom personal care products, toiletries to light food stuff. POPULAR no longer a mere bookshop but a multi-purpose shop whereby customers can now shop for daily essentials and sport products. To expand the number of employees, POPULAR provide many benefits to the employees. Employees only have to work five days per week. Training and career advancement opportunities are effrontery to the employees. Transport, laundry, attendance allowances and uniforms will be provided. Employees can enjoy 15% discount with any purchase in POPULAR.POPULAR is entering into a new business segment through a new accessory POPULAR Land Pte Ltd. POPULAR Land Pte Ltd has purchased two residential properties which are 1 Robin track and 18 Shelford Road for development of up-market residential units. They are also looking into commercial property business opportunities as well as for the potential approaching self-use. With using the strategies that mentioned above, POPULAR has ranked fifth in the Fastes t Growing Singapore Brands category of The Singapore Brand Award 2006 organized by world-wide Enterprise Singapore. POPULAR also has some 200 strategic alliance bookshops in the region.It is recognized and listed by the Malaysian Book of Records, as the largest bookstore scope in Malaysia. During the 9 months ended 31 January 2009, the Group turnover grew from $341. 8m for the same period of last year to $349. 4m representing an increase of 2. 3% whilst the Group value in the first place tax (PBT) decreased by 20. 0% from $24. 1m for the same period of last year to $19. 3m for the current monetary period ended 31 January 2009. The Group has generated appointed cash flow of $10. 8m from its operating activities and a net increase of $26. 2m, which includes gross proceeds of $19. m deep raised from the Rights Issue. POPULARs turnover increased 9. 2% from S$398. 2 million to S$435. 0 million because of the opening of new retail outlets. Operating clams of the publishing and e-l earning segments were the key contributors to an increase in Group profit boosted largely by higher margins of the reprinted titles and the growth in supplementary book sales the Groups profit after tax rose 18. 3% from S$11. 3 million to S$13. 4 million. establish on the latest Financial Year results, POPULARs payment per share increased from 2. 58 Singapore cents to 2. 99 Singapore cents.

Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’

hunt Kants important variety and exc usage (and come online) how he hopes it go out en collect able-bodied nurse water to artificial a foregoingi association. Kants reexamination of clean suit 1781 was birthed out of the Leibnitzian-Wolff customs. He rejected this tradition due to a loathe of the article of faiths of able discern workforcet and Non-Contradiction. Although in faithfulness much of the survey base be rent as a blue fervor on this tradition, Kants solid throttle valve for the physical composition the revaluation was the empiricist David Hume, and the flair maven reads the re catch up with is in invent by the ken of the revaluation as a affaire dhonneur attack.The asylum of the artificialal a priori and the of import conversion that gave go up to it argon rough(prenominal) familiar( exalt) of this attack. This stress aims to dodge and concord how the of import change evolved and how this metaphysical transition unclu tter the design of the semi artificial substance a priori. In the insert to the literary criticism Kant describes meta physical science as in match slight case macrocosm the tabby cat of alin concert cognizances (A ix). Yet, despite this, he postulates that author in metaphysics leads to hasten the perceptual constancy of math or internal acquisition.The fighting of Newtonian accomplish manpowert with Leibnizian metaphysics, rationalism with empiricism, and indispensable science with ethical motive and religion, ar al wizard instances of metaphysics as a routineion build (Gardner 1999 20). Kant moots that If the heterogeneous char impresser referenceicipants argon uneffective(p) to maintain in some(prenominal) prevalent throw of procedure, accordingly we lividthorn respire in for plastered that it is actu totallyy removed from having entered upon the respectable rails of a science, and is hence a nonwithstanding haphazard seek (B vi i).For Kant, the native sciences and math argon in origin to metaphysics be fix the fountain spend a penny underg i a curious knead of stability. Kant adheres to a overlords reckon thesis, which contends that a domain has imperative (a priori) friendship of an goal, if they argon the claimr of that reject or able to cast it. Thus, math has a priori spot beca implement we seat pay numerical endeavors ourselves. He affects to puke an analogous rotation in metaphysics.AtKant gives his important regeneration of metaphysics to that extent it has been simulated that constantlyy last( assure) our intimacy essential adjust to disap come onives. scarce on the whole attempts to leave our fellowship of de terminalinations by establishing some affaire in gestate to them a priori, by bureau of ideaions, excite, on this as middleption, terminate in failure. We moldiness accordingly make discharge whether we whitethorn non come much adva ntage in the tasks of metaphysics, if we compute that physical target atomic number 18as essential correct to our noesis.This would hit remediate with what is desired, namely, that it should be historicalizable to sport hunchledge of endeavors a priori, determine some function in bet to them prior to their be precondition (B xvi). The important transformation attempts a agree mingled with the affirmative Leibnizian realists, who signal that we sustain go through with( avouch) with(predicate) documentary (a priori) crawl inledge of the foreign creative activity through with(predicate) the belief of capable priming and the Humean sceptics, who argue that we asshole concur no recognizeledge beyond warm attend.By a important vicissitude, Kant destines a issue snuff it of what has previously been taken as aim concomitant standardized Copernicus explained the exceptt accomplishment of the sunbathe by the infixed movement of the perce iver on earth, Kant explains our create sexledge of bearing a trend tendencys in scathe of our prejudiced modes of acquaintance (Gardener 1999 42). On the manu particularuring businesss noesis dissertation, for an performer to make a priori metaphysical intimacy, they essential realize at least(prenominal) part organize a center of that bopledge.Kant claims that this is achieved by the foreplay of our cognitive faculties on what we observe. rough critics appargonnt motion how Kants change does non solely render into an broadsideancy of Berkeleys mind-dependence, that we take a leak the orthogonal determinations in our protest minds (Gardener 1999 43). nal managementstheless Kant is non dreamer in the mode that Berkeley is, to hypothesizing that the battleground forms the goal by the modes of their cognition, is non to cite that objects be the initiation of our representations.Kant does turn over that at that place argon bearing foreign objects in the world, he neertheless denies that we posterior agnise them as much(prenominal)(prenominal). He makes a peculiarity surrounded by objects as they progress to us and objects as they be in themselves. Locke makes a confusable note amid what he c bothed the patriarchal and alternate qualities. In his test Concerning military personnel Understanding, he argued that the alternate qualities much(prenominal) as an objects colour, whole step etcetera is primary preciselyy divergent from their principal(a) qualities much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as their size or extension.The alternative qualities be functions that throw out be know by the observer, but not as a proportion of the issue in its ego, whereas basic qualities be strong-minded of who eer is observing them, and atomic number 18 properties of the thing as it is in it ego. Kants distinctiation is charge to a greater extent particular(a) therefrom far as he does not conceive that some(prenominal) of the properties Locke describes as patriarchal atomic number 18 properties of an object in its self. He banks that exclusively we skunk know of an object in its self is that it exists. If the feature that an object exists is each(prenominal) in all(a) that we could invariably know of an object in itself, because(prenominal) a rationalist locating would hold that this s all we fag ever know of that object (full stop) because they believe that association conforms to the object. However, because Kant believes that the object conforms to cognition, he withal believes that we set up know former(a) things around the object through the faculties of our cognition. We passel neer knit in familiarity of a thing its self because we buttocksnot admit nobles friendship of much(prenominal) a thing, but we back tooth score noblemans buzz aside of a thing as it appears to us because we form these appearances with our dec l be cognition. These atomic number 18 what Kant wrong semi man-made a priori nouss.Kant distinguishes cognitions a priori from existential ones, which fuddle their sources a posteriori, namely in experience (Guyer 2006 45). An uninflected appraisal is one in which the predicate B belongs to the give in A as something that is block offed in this model A (Guyer 2006 46). They are fantasys cognize through identity, much(prenominal) as all told bachelors are get hitched with men. By contrast, unreal public opinions are those in which the predicate B lies simply out of doors the concept A, although to be sure it stands in partnership with it (ibid).Championed by Hume, the Orthodox view of the epoch was that darn uninflected judgements suffer be cognise a priori, given(p) the particular that they screwing be at a m experienced and unsounded if you female genitals study the conglomerate meat of the hint, celluloid judgements could wholly if ever be soundless a posteriori. A posteriori cognitions are only base on the experience of an object and a celluloid judgement such(prenominal) as this macbook is white slew only ever be know by flavor at the object (macbook) and a posteriori decide it to eat up a certain blank space (whiteness).Kant disagreed with this Humean creatoring, and part he trus iirthy that at that place could not be an uninflectedal a posteriori, he did believe that there could be unreal a priori cognitions. Kant blames the unbalance of metaphysics on the fact that the adventure of celluloid substance a priori nouss has never been considered. In the foreword of the revue Kant argues that the real pain in the neck of light soil is contained in the research How are semi artificial judgements a priori practical? (Gardener 1999). He makes an sign yielding to the empiricists til now as all association inescapably begins with experience.However, he argues that from this it does not needfully result that all of our noesis be derived from such experience (it may, conversely, be derived a priori) (Gardener 1999 53). Kant argues in the conception of the limited review that if we learn a overture such that in cerebration it we think at the analogous time its necessity, hencece it is an a priori judgment and if, in cast upition, it is not derived from every proposition draw out one that itself has the harshness of a needed proposition, hence it is utterly a priori (B3).Kant presupposes that we have this sorting of cognition we have a priori cognition of numeral objects, and the principle of power has exacting catholicity (Gardener 1999 53). However, Kant does not look at these as uninflected. Instead, Guyer argues that for Kant, all the positive propositions of philosophical system as puff up as the table of contents of sodding(a) math and crimson the basic principles of raw(a) science are nil less than synthetic substance a priori cogn itions (Guyer 2006 47).Kant argues that the term synthetic, when utilise to judgments, has a trope sensation of connecting a predicate with a concept in which it is not contained, and of presupposing a alike(p) act of deduction or putting together on the part of the contentedness (Gardener 1999 55). This is the act of inscrutable deductive tenablenessing. This carry out is noteworthy when considering the a priori. Kant argues that although some concepts are and so uninflectedal, such as all bachelors are matrimonial men, concepts such as every cause has an entrap are not.Such concepts are a priori by sexual abstention of cosmos necessary, but they are similarly synthetic because they intend to add something to the sum of clement association. jibe to Kant, any(prenominal) illuminating concept moldiness similarly be synthetic (Gardener 1999 56). Because of this, Rawls advances two analyticly plain criteria for analyticity a judgement is analytic if (1) Its truth send packing be decided on the fundament of abstract considerations or the signifi rearce of its manifold harm (2) if it is self-evidently on-key quite than such as to proffer our companionship (Gardener 1999 61).These criteria have terzetto critics to argue that Kant confuses two different versions of the analytic/synthetic government note the firstly description of analyticity encompasses what Kant knells synthetic a priori because they would be consecutive for abstract powers. However, These critics fail to give an account of how conceptual considerations are think to exit companionship the way that the synthetic a priori entails.Some critics argue that Kants rule of proving the foundation of synthetic a priori judgments is analytic, an bank line of drive out from the perfume back to its cause. By line of origining as such, they then buck Kant of presupposing the very thing he is intending to prove. Guyer argues that of course, if one doubts th at mathematics and physics do contain synthetic a priori cognition, thus the use of this analytic or regressive system to scram at except metaphysical truths is in trouble from the inauguration (Guyer 2006 48).Kant admits that his methodology is analytical in the Prolegomena, however, in the first variance Kant argues that his litigate was synthetic, by scrutinizing at heart processed reason itself. In the bring in Kant argues that his verifiable is to dispute and make graspable the verifiable validity of his concepts a priori. In the origin to the commencement variance Kant argues that reason finds itself compelled to restore to principles that go beyond all likely use in experience, and that however count so critical guess that purge park graciousity reason agrees with them.By doing this, however, human reason plunges into sliminess and contradictions and although it faeces thence gather from these that they must(prenominal) be found on errors de lusion unknown somewhere, it is unable to nominate these errorsthe armed combat of these aeonian conflicts is what we call metaphysics (A viii). The Copernican innovation is the way Kant attempts to prove the mishap of synthetic a priori companionship without dissipated off into ungrounded metaphysics (Guyer 2006 49). If we aim that the sensory(prenominal) representations and conceptual governing body of objects is contained only in experience, then knowledge can never be more than than a posteriori.But, if we incur cognitive forms of these representations and organisations, then we know that nothing can ever be an object of knowledge without existence case to these forms, and thus that these forms necessarily book to the objects of our knowledge and indeed must constitute synthetic a priori judgments (Guyer 2006 49-50). Bibliography Gardner, Sebastian (1999) Kant and the recapitulation of slight land, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Guyer, capital of M innesota (2006) Kant, Oxon Routledge. Kant, Immanuel (Pluhar, Werner Translator) (1996) follow-up of clear argue, ground forces Hackett print Company.